![]() ![]() The semi-conducting properties of diamond are used to integrate a built-in flow sensor and to monitor in-line the dose rate of the tube. It aims at studying, designing and synthesizing innovative diamond for X-Ray tubes. This thesis results from a collaboration between Thales and the french Atomic and Alternative Energies Commission (CEA). The beryllium used in those windows does not provide an efficient spreading of the heat generated in the target. In the race towards high resolution X-ray imaging, the current X-ray windows have shown thermal limitations. We illustrate these advances for prototype chemical applications, including (i) stable near-equilibrium species, where resonance mixing typically provides only small corrections to a dominant Lewis-structural picture, (ii) reactive transition-state species, where strong resonance mixing of reactant and product bonding patterns is inherent, (iii) coordinative and related supramolecular interactions of the inorganic domain, where sub-integer resonance bond orders are the essential origin of intermolecular attraction, and (iv) exotic long-bonding and metallic delocalization phenomena, where no single “parent” Lewis-structural pattern gains preeminent weighting in the overall resonance hybrid. Such convexity-based algorithms now allow a full “reboot” of NRT methodology for tackling a broad range of chemical applications, including the many familiar resonance phenomena of organic and biochemistry as well as the still broader range of resonance attraction effects in the inorganic domain. Although earlier numerical applications were often frustrated by ineptness of then-available numerical solvers, the NRT variational problem was recently shown to be amenable to highly efficient convex programming methods that yield provably optimal resonance weightings at a small fraction of previous computational costs. We then outline the alternative “natural” pathway to localized Lewis- and resonance-structural conceptions that was initiated in the 1950s, given semi-empirical formulation in the 1970s, recast in ab initio form in the 1980s, and successfully generalized to multi-structural “natural resonance theory” (NRT) form in the 1990s. We first sketch the early roots of resonance theory, its heritage of diverse physics and chemistry conceptions, and its subsequent rise to reigning chemical bonding paradigm of the mid-20th-century. He disproved Dalton’s Model.What is now called “resonance theory” has a long and conflicted history. Plum pudding model is a ball with electrons stuck in it. The ray arcs away when a – magnet is close by. Cathode Ray Tubes are vacuums with cathode and anode. He concluded that whatever is present in an atom is also in all the other atoms. Thomson switch the cathode and anode with different metals and found out that they all create a cathode ray. Each elements are different shaped balls since each atom has a different property. Ī ball of positive with little balls of negatively charged particles inside~~ The Plum Pudding Modelĭalton’s Model Dalton believes that an atom is a solid ball. Same charges repel, and opposite charges attract. This is one pudding’s sad, short story… Intermission~ A story about a freedom longed for, but never attained…Ī TV or a computer screen has many cathode ray tubes to make the different colors that appear on the screen. So that the electrons won’t bump into things. The glow is actually many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many many ELECTRONS! Įlectrons can pass through the CRT because there is no air in the vacuum to stop the electrons. Thomson is a British Physicist and a Nobel Prize Winner who discovered electrons and isotopes in 1897. Thomson Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Cathode Rays!! And the….amazing… Plum Pudding Model!! / And…the… Dalton’s Model… Plum pudding is not too bad to eat JJ Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model is not too bad to see ![]() JJ Thomson: the PLUM PUDDING MODEL!!! Michelle Kao Elysia Hung
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